The Environmental Impact Of Tablet Manufacturing And Disposal – Pharmaceuticals are vital to human health, but they become an environmental problem when they enter the environment through residues that are expelled after consumption or unused pharmaceuticals that are improperly discarded. Although there are currently no established detection methods for all drugs entering ecosystems, some drugs have been shown to cause adverse effects on ecosystems, including increased mortality and changes in physiology, behavior, or reproduction of aquatic species. We pay particular attention to these groups of drugs and their impact on the environment. In this review, the authors propose measures to reduce unused drugs in the environment, with a strong emphasis on prevention. Various policy interventions throughout the life cycle, including source-oriented, user-oriented and waste management measures, are recommended to prevent the generation of household pharmaceutical waste and ensure environmentally friendly disposal of household pharmaceutical waste. Preventive measures include rational drug consumption, prescribing more environmentally friendly drugs or designing drugs that are benign and easily biodegradable, improved disease prevention, personalized medicine, enhanced package size and redistribution of unused drugs to the market. The next step is to prevent unavoidable waste from entering the environment, so the correct collection and disposal of unused medicines is crucial. Finally, education of health professionals and the public, as well as collaboration between environmental and health care scientists, are critical at all stages of a pharmaceutical product’s life cycle. Minimizing the amount of pharmaceuticals in the environment will benefit human life.
Demographic, epidemiological, and lifestyle changes, such as population aging, the rise in chronic diseases, the availability of inexpensive generic treatments, and the easy availability of a wide range of over-the-counter medicines, have been key drivers of increased pharmaceutical consumption (González Pena et al. )., 2021; European Commission, 2019). The growth in global pharmaceutical consumption has increased international awareness of the problem of unused pharmaceuticals (UP) in households and the harmful environmental and health impacts of their improper disposal (Paut Kusturica et al., 2016; Mitkidis et al., 2022). Pharmaceuticals in the environment represent a management challenge because they are designed to interact with living systems and produce pharmacological responses at low doses, making them a cause of environmental problems even at low concentrations. Second, drugs are designed to be stable in order to reach and interact with target molecules, meaning that they either degrade very slowly, or continued use results in sustained release into the environment at a rate higher than the rate of degradation. Furthermore, conventional wastewater treatment plants are not designed to completely remove pharmaceuticals from wastewater (OECD, 2019).
The Environmental Impact Of Tablet Manufacturing And Disposal
There are two main ways in which pharmaceuticals enter the environment: excretion and improper disposal (OECD, 2022). In both cases, pharmaceuticals end up in wastewater treatment plants, which are often not designed to remove such contaminants from wastewater (Thomas, Felicity, & WHO, 2017). The drug is primarily detected in surface water, but also in groundwater, soil, feces and even drinking water. The presence of pharmaceuticals in freshwater and terrestrial ecosystems may result in their uptake by wildlife and has the potential to bioaccumulate (Zenker et al., 2014). Subsequent human exposure to drugs
How Should Responsibility For Proper Medication Disposal Be Shared?
Drinking water, and ingestion of residues from plant crops, fish, dairy products, and meat. The effects of pharmaceuticals on the aquatic environment are an issue of growing concern, ranging from molecular alterations to population-level effects (Queirós et al., 2021). Given that this is a growing environmental and health problem worldwide, this review aims to answer the following questions: 1) Which drugs have been shown to cause harmful effects on the environment 2) What options are available to reduce harmful effects on the environment before using UP Affects the arrival environment.
Human pharmaceuticals are classified as emerging contaminants by UNESCO. Their detection and elimination is a critical step in line with the goals of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (UNESCO 2020). Concentrations of drugs found in the environment are below therapeutic levels. In water surfaces receiving treated wastewater, pharmaceutical concentrations below 100 ng/L have been detected (Vumazonke et al., 2020; Björklund and Svahn, 2021; Li et al., 2021). These low concentrations are what make it difficult to assess their toxic effects on ecosystems and human health. The vast majority of drugs have not been fully studied for their long-term toxic effects, presence and fate in the environment (aus der Beek et al., 2016). However, certain groups of drugs, such as beta-blockers, antibiotics, anticancer drugs, and endocrine disruptors ( Nie et al., 2013 ; Kovács et al., 2015 ; Godlewska et al., 2021 ; Ortuzar et al., 2022) have been shown to have devastating effects on ecosystems, including increased mortality and impairment of physiological and reproductive functions of aquatic species. Furthermore, since it is impossible to separate humans from nature, there are also devastating effects on human health. Nonetheless, the extent of the problem remains highly unknown due to the sheer number of pharmaceuticals and the challenges of assessing the risks associated with low-dose and prolonged exposure to multiple compounds (Kümmerer, 2019). The German Environment Agency (UBA) announced that 10% of pharmaceuticals on the market present potential environmental risks. Although there are currently no well-established detection methods for all drugs entering the ecosystem, some of them are predominantly present and have been shown to cause negative effects on the ecosystem (Küster et al., 2010). These medications include hormones, antibiotics, antidepressants, anti-inflammatory and analgesic drugs, beta-blockers, and anticancer drugs (Monteiro and Boxall, 2010).
The presence of estrogens in the environment represents a serious pollution problem (Bilal and Igbal, 2019). The world’s population emits approximately 30, 000 kilograms of natural steroidal estrogens annually, with an additional 700 kilograms of synthetic estrogens emitted annually through contraceptive use alone. However, large amounts of these hormones in the environment originate primarily from the livestock industry, which extensively uses various growth-regulating steroids to increase meat productivity. There is no doubt that estrogens are essential for normal human physiology, but they can have serious adverse effects if they accumulate in the environment and enter the human food chain (Adeel et al., 2017). These types of hormones can disrupt human and animal physiology and affect normal reproduction. Estrogen as a contaminant has also been associated with higher incidence of breast cancer in women and prostate cancer in men (Nelles et al., 2011; Trevino et al., 2015).
Antibiotic resistance is a global public health concern, especially given that increased antibiotic use during the COVID-19 pandemic has led to the depletion of the last antibiotics (Lai et al., 2021). It has been noted that the use of antibiotics in human medicine, veterinary medicine and agriculture is associated with contamination of different parts of the environment, which leads to an increase in antibiotic resistance and the occurrence of ecotoxicological effects (Zainaba et al., 2020). Lack of proper antibiotic disposal by patients discharges antibiotics into sewage systems, which also poses a growing environmental threat to public health (Anwar et al., 2020). Furthermore, the strong effects of long-term exposure to antibiotic contamination can affect human health, especially in patients with chronic diseases such as obesity, diabetes, and asthma (Ianiro et al., 2016).
The Environmental Impact Of Our Digital Devices
Global contamination of antidepressant medications has increased significantly during the COVID-19 pandemic (Rabeea et al., 2021). To date, antidepressants have been detected in urban and non-urban water systems. Many different types of aquatic animals bioaccumulate different antidepressant drugs in their tissues, leading to cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, altered stress responses, weight and length gain/loss, and liver and kidney damage (Castillo-Zacarías et al., 2021). Considering the significant overlap between human and animal environments, antidepressant drug contamination (sertraline, fluoxetine) also affects human neurodevelopment and different psychiatric disorders (Abbey-Lee et al., 2018; Li et al., 2020 ). Although psychotropic drugs are often present in wastewater at subtherapeutic levels, they are capable of eliciting biological effects at low doses, especially in settings where combinations of multiple psychotropic drugs are often present, increasing the risk of their toxic effects (Chan et al. , 2021).
A large number of NSAIDs, including acetaminophen, acetylsalicylic acid, ibuprofen, diclofenac, and naproxen, have seriously polluted the environment and are particularly found in soil, wastewater, surface water, and drinking water Nanograms and Micrograms of NSAIDs. water, groundwater (Tyumina et al., 2020). These drugs have chronic ecotoxic effects because they are highly resistant to biotransformation in the environment due to their stable chemical structure. To date, they are known to cause organ disorders in invertebrates and vertebrates mainly by inducing oxidative stress and disrupting the activity of detoxifying enzymes (Hodkovicova et al., 2022). These drugs also cause cardiovascular abnormalities and hepatotoxicity and disrupt oocyte maturation through unknown mechanisms (Lister and Van Der Kraak, 2009; Xia et al., 2017).
β-Blockers represent pharmaceutical compounds that are highly persistent and toxic in the environment (Kuster et al., 2010). Although some data on their environmental adsorption are lacking, it is known that these drugs exhibit high solubility in water and have been detected in surface waters at concentrations of μg/L. These compounds are very resistant to hydrolysis, bioavailable, and mobile in the environment.
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